Vertebrates are a group of animals characterized by the presence of a backbone or spinal column. This group includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Vertebrates are known for their well-developed nervous system, skeletal system, and complex internal organs. Research in vertebrate biology encompasses a wide range of topics, including evolutionary history, behavior, physiology, ecology, and conservation. Scientists study vertebrates to better understand their biology, diversity, and role in ecosystems, as well as to address various conservation challenges facing these animals.