Sterilization is a research area focused on the process of destroying all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, spores, and fungi, on surfaces or in materials. This process is essential in various industries such as healthcare, food processing, and pharmaceuticals to prevent the spread of infections and ensure the safety of products. Sterilization methods include heat, radiation, chemicals, and filtration, with each method tailored to the specific materials and organisms being targeted. Research in sterilization aims to develop more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally-friendly methods to achieve maximum microbial kill rates.