Pandemics refer to the outbreak of a disease that spreads across a large geographical area, affecting a significant portion of the population. These events are characterized by the rapid spread of the disease and can result in high levels of illness, death, and societal disruption. Pandemics can be caused by infectious diseases such as influenza, Ebola, or COVID-19, and often require a coordinated response from public health authorities, governments, and communities to control their spread and mitigate their impact. Research in this area focuses on understanding the epidemiology, transmission, and prevention of pandemics, as well as studying the social, economic, and political factors that influence how pandemics unfold and are responded to.