Nanofabrication is a field of research and technology development that focuses on creating structures, devices, and materials at the nanoscale level, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. This involves the manipulation and control of materials at the atomic or molecular scale to create functional nanoscale structures with unique properties and functionalities. Nanofabrication techniques commonly used include top-down approaches such as lithography and etching, as well as bottom-up approaches such as self-assembly and molecular assembly. Applications of nanofabrication span a wide range of fields including electronics, photonics, medicine, and materials science.