Mountains are large landforms that rise significantly above the surrounding landscape, typically with steep slopes and high peaks. They are formed through geological processes such as tectonic plate movements, volcanic activity, and erosion. Mountains provide habitat for a wide range of plant and animal species, and are important sources of freshwater for surrounding regions. They also have cultural significance for many societies, often considered sacred or spiritual places. Mountains also greatly impact local and regional climates, influencing weather patterns and biodiversity. Research on mountains covers a variety of topics, including geology, ecology, climate change, and human impacts on mountain environments.