Deformation is a process in which the shape, size, or volume of a material changes in response to external forces or stresses. This can include processes such as stretching, bending, compressing, or twisting. Deformation is a key concept in materials science, geology, and engineering, as it helps researchers understand how materials respond to different types of stress and how they behave under different conditions. Studying deformation can provide insights into the mechanical properties of materials, the behavior of geological structures, and the design of structures and materials to withstand specific loads and forces. Researchers use a variety of techniques, such as mathematical modeling, experimental testing, and advanced imaging technologies, to study deformation in different materials and contexts.