1. Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research: Qualitative research focuses on gaining an in-depth understanding of individuals' experiences, motivations, and behaviors through methods such as interviews, observations, and content analysis. Quantitative research, on the other hand, focuses on collecting numerical data to analyze patterns and trends through statistical techniques. 2. Experimental vs. Descriptive Research: Experimental research involves manipulation of variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships, typically conducted in controlled environments. Descriptive research, on the other hand, involves observing and describing phenomena as they occur naturally, without manipulating variables. 3. Cross-sectional vs. Longitudinal Research: Cross-sectional research involves studying a group of individuals at a single point in time to examine relationships or differences. Longitudinal research involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period to track changes and developments over time. 4. Primary vs. Secondary Research: Primary research involves collecting data firsthand through methods like surveys, interviews, or experiments. Secondary research involves analyzing existing data, such as academic articles, reports, and databases, to gain insights or support findings. 5. Applied vs. Basic Research: Applied research aims to solve practical problems or address specific issues, often with immediate real-world applications. Basic research, also known as pure or fundamental research, focuses on expanding knowledge and understanding of a particular topic without immediate practical applications in mind.