1. Spectrophotometer: A spectrophotometer is a laboratory instrument used to measure the intensity of light at different wavelengths. It is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology to analyze the concentration of substances in a sample based on their absorption or emission of light. 2. Microscope: A microscope is a device used to magnify small objects that are not visible to the naked eye. It is widely used in biology, medicine, and materials science to study cellular structures, bacteria, viruses, and other microscopic organisms or materials. 3. Gas chromatograph: A gas chromatograph is a type of analytical instrument used to separate and analyze the components of a gas mixture. It is commonly used in chemistry, environmental science, and forensics to identify and quantify the substances present in a sample based on their retention times in a chromatographic column. 4. Mass spectrometer: A mass spectrometer is a powerful analytical instrument used to determine the molecular weight and chemical composition of a sample. It works by ionizing molecules in a sample and then separating them based on their mass-to-charge ratio. Mass spectrometry is widely used in chemistry, pharmacology, and metabolomics to study the structure and composition of molecules. 5. NMR spectrometer: NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectrometry is a technique used to study the properties of atomic nuclei in a magnetic field. NMR spectrometers are used in chemistry, biochemistry, and medical imaging to analyze the structure and dynamics of molecules, proteins, and other biomolecules. 6. X-ray diffractometer: An X-ray diffractometer is a device used to study the crystal structure of materials by analyzing the diffraction patterns produced when X-rays interact with a crystalline sample. X-ray diffraction is commonly used in materials science, mineralogy, and structural biology to determine the arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice.