Antennas are devices used to transmit and receive electromagnetic waves, typically in the radio frequency range. They are crucial components in communication systems, such as radios, televisions, and cell phones. Antennas come in various shapes and sizes, each designed for specific purposes, such as broadcasting, satellite communication, and radar systems. Research in antennas focuses on improving their performance, increasing their efficiency, and developing new technologies for various applications in telecommunications and wireless networks. Additionally, research in antennas also explores the use of advanced materials and designs to enhance their capabilities and make them smaller, more compact, and more versatile for modern communication needs.